Discussion:
Mooring lines: length & material?
DBA Forum (B) - Alan Kerr
2014-07-09 16:59:38 UTC
Permalink
We are about to order mooring lines for our 15m DB.

For Thames usage initially do we need more than 2x 15m plus one longer bow line?
How long should the 3rd line be?
For EU use, how long should the longer lines be, ie if we bought one longer rope
that would do for France what length is the norm?

Polyester, Poly-propylene or Braid-on-Braid?
We like the Braid-on-Braid, but wondered if it sacrificed "feel" for friction, ie does it knot well?

Thanks.
DBA Forum (B) - Peter Cawson
2014-07-09 17:31:14 UTC
Permalink
My boat is also 15m and I have lots of mooring lines - one on each of my bollards and cleats - 5 each side! My preference, prompted by ease of use by inexperienced visitors, is to have the eye end fixed to the bollard / cleat on the boat such that a loop can easily be placed over the lock or pontoon bollards, possibly with the help of a boat hook. Yes, I know this is frowned upon by experienced barge owners, but it's undoubtedly easier for crew and the old danger of ropes being trapped in the spaces between stone blocks on lock comings is now rarely a problem, although one has to be aware of this potential problem.

My bow and stern lines are 15 or 18m and my mid-way cleat ones are between 10 and 12m. My 3 strand ropes have suffered abrassion damage far more than my braid ropes, so I'm replacing the remaining 3 stand ones on my next trip. For simple mooring (as opposed to more testing lock work) 3 strand is fine, but braid or "octoplait" is much less "noisy". By this I mean creaking when the boat moves in response to passing traffic, wind, etc and annoying at night.

Braid has good friction and less prone to tangles or kinks in my experience. If you can buy it as ready-made mooring line (ie with loops already pliced) so much the better as splicing your own braid rope is often a costly job. Southampton Boat Show is a good source of these lines at a sensible price.

Polyprop is cheap and nasty stuff that floats and is hard on hands. Not easily found now except at fishing ports.

Peter
DBA Forum (B) - Edward & Pam Burrell
2014-07-09 18:18:02 UTC
Permalink
Hi Alan,

Your copy of A Guide to Motor Barge Handling has an entire section
devoted to this subject.

regards
Edward.
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Alan Kerr
We are about to order mooring lines for our 15m DB.
For Thames usage initially do we need more than 2x 15m plus one longer bow line?
How long should the 3rd line be?
For EU use, how long should the longer lines be, ie if we bought one longer rope
that would do for France what length is the norm?
Polyester, Poly-propylene or Braid-on-Braid?
We like the Braid-on-Braid, but wondered if it sacrificed "feel" for friction, ie does it knot well?
Thanks.
DBA Forum (B) - Pete Milne
2014-07-09 18:50:07 UTC
Permalink
Standard mooring anywhere uses two breast ropes and two springs, so on 15m I might carry two x 10m and two x 15m as a minimum set. Extra lines are always useful thogh. As Edward says, read about it in Barge Handling.

On a 25m 80ton barge I use two 15m lines at the bow (lightweight to suit the crew) and two 20m at the stern. This makes a rope available immediately on either side for locks or tying up. When mooring anywhere critical, the light lines become breast ropes and the heavier become springs. We have a few extra lines but rarely need them. 5-a-side is huge overkill!

I think most people probably use Polyprop in the form of 'synthetic hemp' or 'staple'. This is fairly comfortable to handle (depending on the maker) and floats, which keeps it clear of the prop if a mooring line is dropped. Cheap blue/orange polyprop is certainly hard on the hands and unmanageable. Use for lobster pots only.

Braided rope is nice to handle but is much is more expensive. I'd like it as a Christmas pesent but wouldn't buy it!

Polyester & Nylon are best for other uses.

Pete
DBA Forum (B) - Peter Cawson
2014-07-09 20:19:01 UTC
Permalink
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Pete Milne
5-a-side is huge overkill!
Not necessarily. We use bow and stern lines in locks where bollards are suitably spaced for our 15m vessel. Where they are too widely spaced (often in huge commercial locks) we use our 2 mid-way lines to a single bollard. That’s 4 each side. Our stern bollard is 2.4 m above water level – far too high for pontoon or low quay mooring, so we have a 5th line attached to a cleat on the swimming platform. That’s 5 each side – 10 lines in all. No problem, no overkill, all often used, no detaching and re-attaching lines, happy crew and no panics when I decide to tie up the “other” side of a lock at the last minute!
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Pete Milne
Braided rope is nice to handle but is much is more expensive. I'd like it as a Christmas present but wouldn't buy it!
Send your missus to a boat show and she’ll find lovely heavy 15-18m braided lines with end eyes for about £20 each for your Christmas present. At a chandler you’d pay £3+ per meter plus £10 per splice, so it’s well worth a boat show ticket just to pick up a bundle of mooring lines.

Peter
DBA Forum (B) - Tam Murrell
2014-07-10 11:46:08 UTC
Permalink
An important thing to remember, especially with a little craft such as yours, is that bollards in France are still frequently at least 40m apart as that is the size of the smallest working craft. Your lines have to be able to cope with that. Also if you propose to use the St-Quentin canal route you will need to be able to make up 30m of line for the towage through Riqueval tunnel.

Peter C's boat is a cruiser and he uses rather different lock techniques to those we promote, If you propose to put the eye of the line on lockside bollards you will need an eye about 1m long, i.e. just over 2 metres bent back on itself and spliced. This will go comfortably onto just about any bollard you encounter. I put an eye onto each end, so as one end begins to get tired I can use the other. That immediately accounts for a bit more than 2 metres of any line. You also want a slightly stiff line so the eye stays open when you throw it onto said bollard, and 3 strand staple spun polypropylene serves well for this. Nylon is useless as a working line, as the eye tends to close up when you throw it, but more importantly nylon is a stretchy rope and you don't want that.

Peter is coping constantly with new and inexperienced crew persons, but I would never have any line attached semi-permanently to any onboard bollard or cleat. Especially on a barge with useable side decks an attached line is always just waiting to trip someone up, or for the end to get into the water and look for a propellor to tangle itself on. I consider it of prime importance to keep decks and walkways clear.

Each to one's own, of course.

Tam
DBA Forum (B) - Peter Cawson
2014-07-10 12:31:42 UTC
Permalink
I think Tam will agree that throwing a loop over a lock bollard, often many feet away and at head-height or above relliably is a skill that takes a lot of practice. If the bollard is not caught at first attempt, the rope needs to be retrieved before a second, third or fourth attempt, meanwhile the boat is still moving, the gates have closed and sluices opened!

As he says, I have frequest crew changes who have often never stood on a pleasure boat before and sometimes of an age and fitness that throwing ropes may be virtually impossible. Holding a long lightweight boat hook with a line over its end has proved to be almost 100% reliable provided the bollard is within reach - and this skill is easily learned.

With a cruiser I enjoy the additional safety of a good solid handrail between the wide walkway and the drop! The bow, aft and swim platform lines are in corners where they won't be tripped over and the mid-way ones have not been a cause for nervousness when walking the decks. Provided the lines are dumped neatly on the deck and not looped over the handrail, they should never find their way into the water, although it's a thing I stress as most important to new visitors.

As I said in my first post here, I accept that my method is not the one I'd expect others to be taught by schools, but it does work very well with a low level of crew or skipper anxiety and virtually any rope material can be used! Another minor advantage is the pull or friction required to keep the boat under control is halved by the 2:1 purchase of a looped line, reducing the chance of a hanging boat caused by too much rope around the boat's bollard or cleat.

Peter
DBA Forum (B) - Colin Stone
2014-07-11 18:11:58 UTC
Permalink
Peter,
I have to say that being in a lock with a cruiser using their typical bight method gives me the heebie jeebies. It always looks to be a complete snakes wedding of line, guardrail and hands . I wish I was somewhere else as I fear it is an accident waiting to happen and I 've not yet seen a locking that looks remotely safe.
The big boat method of pushing ahead on a headrope seems so much safer. With just one rope it doesn't need touching once secured, it auto adjusts to the rise and fall of the lock and the helm can easily control the boat even in a vicious lock with judicious use of engine power and rudder.
But I must admit that I don't know if it is a feasible method for smaller vessels. Perhaps someone out there has tried it?

Colin Stone
KEI
DBA Forum (B) - Colin Stone
2014-07-11 18:13:46 UTC
Permalink
Peter,
I have to say that being in a lock with a cruiser using their typical bight method gives me the heebie jeebies. It always looks to be a complete snakes wedding of line, guardrail and hands . I wish I was somewhere else as I fear it is an accident waiting to happen and I 've not yet seen a locking that looks remotely safe.
The big boat method of pushing ahead on a headrope seems so much safer. With just one rope it doesn't need touching once secured, it auto adjusts to the rise and fall of the lock and the helm can easily control the boat even in a vicious lock with judicious use of engine power and rudder.
But I must admit that I don't know if it is a feasible method for smaller vessels. Perhaps someone out there has tried it?

Colin Stone
KEI
DBA Forum (B) - Pete Milne
2014-07-11 18:59:01 UTC
Permalink
[quote="Colin Stone" post=56069]
The big boat method of pushing ahead on a headrope seems so much safer. With just one rope it doesn't need touching once secured, it auto adjusts to the rise and fall of the lock and the helm can easily control the boat even in a vicious lock with judicious use of engine power and rudder.
[/quote]
Very true, it's much easier - but what about the many locks that instruct you to tie up fore and aft and/or stop your screw?

My crew might sympathise with Peter about locking. She will put an eye on a shore-side bollard going uphill but will always use a bight going down. Recovering an eye off a bollard 3m up and 2m back from the edge is just not possible for her (and quite hard for anyone), while the free end can (almost) always be pulled down with no trouble.

Pete
DBA Forum (B) - Rob Davidson
2014-07-11 19:11:02 UTC
Permalink
After doing Tam and Di's class I did try this method with our 12m cruiser and is doesn't work. The curve of the bow overcomes the thrust of the rudder and the stern swings out. Needs a long straight (barge) side to be effective.
Rob.

____________________________________________________
Rob Davidson
rob-***@public.gmane.org

-----Original Message-----
Forum (B) - Colin Stone [mailto:dbabarges-pvYRptiajiAdnm+***@public.gmane.org]
Sent: 11 July, 2014 11:14 AM
subscribers
lines: length & material?


Peter,
I have to say that being in a lock with a cruiser using their typical bight method gives me the heebie jeebies. It always looks to be a complete snakes wedding of line, guardrail and hands . I wish I was somewhere else as I fear it is an accident waiting to happen and I 've not yet seen a locking that looks remotely safe.
The big boat method of pushing ahead on a headrope seems so much safer. With just one rope it doesn't need touching once secured, it auto adjusts to the rise and fall of the lock and the helm can easily control the boat even in a vicious lock with judicious use of engine power and rudder.
But I must admit that I don't know if it is a feasible method for smaller vessels. Perhaps someone out there has tried it?

Colin Stone
KEI
DBA Forum (B) - Alan Kerr
2014-07-11 19:17:02 UTC
Permalink
I now have the book so understand some of what you are all saying :)

On 11 July 2014 20:11, DBA Forum (B) - Rob Davidson <dbabarges-pvYRptiajiAdnm+***@public.gmane.org> wrote:



After doing Tam and Di's class I did try this method with our 12m cruiser and is doesn't work.  The curve of the bow overcomes the thrust of the rudder and the stern swings out.  Needs a long straight (barge) side to be effective.


Rob.



____________________________________________________

Rob Davidson

rob-***@public.gmane.org



-----Original Message-----

 Forum (B) - Colin Stone [mailto:dbabarges-pvYRptiajiAdnm+***@public.gmane.org]

Sent: 11 July, 2014 11:14 AM

 subscribers

 lines: length & material?





Peter,

I have to say that being in a lock with a cruiser using their typical bight method gives me the heebie jeebies. It always looks to be a complete snakes wedding of line, guardrail and hands .  I wish I was somewhere else as I fear it is an accident waiting to happen and I 've not yet seen a locking that looks remotely safe.


The big boat method of pushing ahead on a headrope seems so much safer. With just one rope it doesn't need touching once secured, it auto adjusts to the rise and fall of the lock and the helm can easily control the boat even in a vicious lock with judicious use of engine power and rudder.


But I must admit that I don't know if it is a feasible method for smaller vessels. Perhaps someone out there has tried it?



Colin Stone

KEI
--
Kerr
DBA Forum (B) - Colin Stone
2014-07-11 21:02:02 UTC
Permalink
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Pete Milne
but what about the many locks that instruct you to tie up fore and aft and/or stop your screw?
I generally don't and if have to, explain the vessel is more controllable with just one line which is normally accepted. On the remote control freycinet locks, eg Canal des Ardennes, I don't use a rope at all.

Sometimes, the lock keeper really insists, like the Thames, in which case we get banged around like everyone else, or I put on a token slack sternline and proceed as usual.

Although on the Thames we can sit in the centre like this:

luxe-motor-kei.co.uk/delivery/page/image50.html

And I recall we had all left the ship to take pics!

The other day going up in the Zennegat Sluis, the lock keeper took two lines and the head rope was far too forward. I asked it to be brought back, so I could power against it, but couldn't see what it was put over. The lock is pretty vicious ascending and I needed quite a bit of engine power to control. As the lock reached almost full the head rope flew fwd, I thought it had parted. It had been placed on a boat hook hook which had simply bent and released the head rope. Ho hum.
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Pete Milne
Needs a long straight (barge) side to be effective.
Try bringing the headrope towards the stern to something substantial midships, so less turning moment.

Colin Stone
KEI

Sent via BlackBerry® BIS
DBA Forum (B) - Tam Murrell
2014-07-11 21:19:02 UTC
Permalink
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Pete Milne
My crew might sympathise with Peter about locking. She will put an eye on a shore-side bollard going uphill but will always use a bight going down. Recovering an eye off a bollard 3m up and 2m back from the edge is just not possible for her (and quite hard for anyone), while the free end can (almost) always be pulled down with no trouble.
Pete
I appreciate what you are saying. However it might be because you are not using a line that makes this more plausible. I have 6-8 photos of lines (or bits thereof) which have jammed in grooves on the lockside bollard or cracks in the wall.

It can happen no matter how careful and skilled your crew is, and you are immediately into a "cut the line" scenario. It can still happen even if you have the eye of your line on the lock bollard and are taking turns around the bitt on the boat, but at least the barge is safe in that case as the crew simply lets the line out as necessary - you just have to recover your line when the lock is empty.

You just have to balance the risk of having this happen against the fairly simple skill of lassoing a bollard or flicking it off a bollard above your head.

Tam
DBA Forum (B) - Pete Milne
2014-07-11 21:41:28 UTC
Permalink
[quote="Tam Murrell" post=56078]
... I have 6-8 photos of lines (or bits thereof) which have jammed in grooves on the lockside bollard or cracks in the wall.

It can happen no matter how careful and skilled your crew is, and you are immediately into a "cut the line" scenario....

You just have to balance the risk of having this happen against the fairly simple skill of lassoing a bollard or flicking it off a bollard above your head.
[/quote]
Yes but..... The 'fairly simple skill' of flicking a 24mm rope off a bollard 3m up and 2m back just ain't simple or even remotely possible for many people (arthritis and frozen shoulder in my crew's case). I balance the risk, cross my fingers and keep a breadknife handy.

Pete
DBA Forum (B) - Tam Murrell
2014-07-11 22:00:02 UTC
Permalink
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Pete Milne
Yes but..... The 'fairly simple skill' of flicking a 24mm rope off a bollard 3m up and 2m back just ain't simple or even remotely possible for many people (arthritis and frozen shoulder in my crew's case). I balance the risk, cross my fingers and keep a breadknife handy.
Pete
Obviously with that situation you do have to look at alternatives, such as an extension pole to lift it on and off. A line from the boat around the lockside bollard and back carries more risk, but if that is the only plausible option you just have to have crew who is aware of all the risks and can act accordingly.

The ultimate solution is to accept the fact that you might have to cut a line, but that has its own risks from the whiplash of the line when it is cut. Sooner or later you are in a lock when the lock keeper starts the lock operation before you are completely ready and the water turbulence can be ferocious - there just has to be a safer option than cutting a line.

It is this scenario that is particularly dangerous with a wide beam type craft or anything without sidedecks where you cannot easily get from one end to the other or where there is not a lot of space on the front deck

Tam
DBA Forum (B) - Colin Stone
2014-07-12 08:30:02 UTC
Permalink
We have a simple rule - ascending put the line on as high as possible.
Descending as low as possible.
With an eye even the bollards at lock water level are usable when going ahead on the line - something that is probably not feasible with a bight.
With a single line it is very simple to transfer to the next bollard in the lock wall. Just taking off the power usually results in enough slack to lift line off and drop on to next bollard.
Rarely had a problem with set back or high lock bollards.


Colin Stone
KEI
Sent via BlackBerry® BIS
DBA Forum (B) - Peter Cawson
2014-07-12 13:24:26 UTC
Permalink
Colin
I have to say that being in a lock with a cruiser using their typical bight method gives me the heebie jeebies. It always looks to be a complete snakes wedding of line, guardrail and hands.
I have to agree with you in many cases. Often very small cruisers (hire boats) seem to get into difficulties, usually because they can only get one line attached and that is at an impossible angle to control the boat, either by hand or by engine power.

My previous boat had its handrails starting from either side of its bow and stern bollards, thus allowing easier and safer ropework. All vessels, cruisers or barges, with continuous rails above the bollards present a potential danger to hands, but it’s certainly less serious than the danger of falling in and can be pointed out to inexperienced crew!
The big boat method of pushing ahead on a headrope seems so much safer. With just one rope it doesn't need touching once secured, it auto adjusts to the rise and fall of the lock and the helm can easily control the boat even in a vicious lock with judicious use of engine power and rudder.
When entering a lock behind some inconsiderate skipper who insists on keeping his engine in gear, I get somewhat ratty. It’s quite unnecessary and often causes as much turbulence as the lock sluices – but before I’m attached! For the benefit of other lock users, and to reduce noise and exhaust fumes, and to substantially reduce my engine hours, I normally turn off my engine in locks. This requires me to be confident that my lines are adequate to control the boat’s movements during the locking.

If I had a long, straight-sided barge, I’d probably use the method you describe if I had the lock to myself, but not with a curve-sided vessel where the stern wants to move away from the wall when pushing against a bow line.

Tam

I’m sure you have far more photos showing lines that have to be cut because the rope has jammed on the boat’s bollard or cleat than because one part of a loop has been trapped in the crack between 2 stone blocks. I’m always aware of the danger presented by cracks and make my visitors aware. Several times I’ve been in locks when other’s lines have had to be cut, but never yet because of a line being caught in a crack – always because of inattentive crew allowing a jam on the bollard. The double-line method reduces the danger of snagging at the boat end owing the much reduced effort required to hold the rope – fewer turns – I never allow even one full turn.

Lassoing a bollard with the rope eye requires most skill and is least successful to anyone but the expert. Throwing a loop by making two coils and tossing it over a bollard (taught at Bisham Abbey) is more successful, but difficult with handrails in the way. Offering a loop with a light boathook to the lockside bollard is both the easiest to learn and the most reliable way to achieve what’s required. I say this with 100% confidence, particularly if the forward crew is in the 50+ age range and likely to be female, as I suspect reflects a large proportion of DBA members’ situations, although I accept (and admire) those who've mastered the trick of lassoing with 95% accuracy.

I think that as long as one’s own chosen method works and is safe for your own boat and crew, then that’s all that’s needed. I hope that schools can teach a range of methods for students to consider before they experiment and choose the most suitable for use on their own boats.

Peter
DBA Forum (B) - Tam Murrell
2014-07-12 14:26:02 UTC
Permalink
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Peter Cawson
Tam
I’m sure you have far more photos showing lines that have to be cut because the rope has jammed on the boat’s bollard or cleat than because one part of a loop has been trapped in the crack between 2 stone blocks. I’m always aware of the danger presented by cracks and make my visitors aware. Several times I’ve been in locks when other’s lines have had to be cut, but never yet because of a line being caught in a crack – always because of inattentive crew allowing a jam on the bollard. The double-line method reduces the danger of snagging at the boat end owing the much reduced effort required to hold the rope – fewer turns – I never allow even one full turn.
If you have a craft light enough that your novice crew "in the 50+ age range and likely to be female" can hold it securely in the manner you describe and without having to take a full turn that is fine. I assume you use the same system going uphill also, and she must find it difficult in a large lock behind commercials driving in head gear as Colin describes, especially those where the remote lock keeper starts the operation very promptly and where the turbulence can be quite extreme.

Rope jam is obviously most likely in a downhill lock. I don't have any photos of lines jammed on boat's bollards as it has not yet happened to us, but we've only been at it for 56 years so I concede there's plenty of opportunity yet. I have no serious difficulty with people using an extension pole to put the eye on a lockside bollard, but can't accept your claim in your last sentence above. If the crew of a heavy barge tried to use your advice they would quickly begin to lose control in any fierce lock unless they took a complete turn.

As your boat drops down in the lock it means the part of the line next to the attachment on the bollard now has an upward aspect and can easily foul the part of line where the crew is taking her turn. Ex-working barges and decent replicas have paired bollards. If you watch any commercial boatman you will see they drop the eye on the lockside bollard, lead the line around the ship's bollard that is furthest from the on on the lock, and take their turns around the other of the pair. This means the angle of the line changes on the leading bollard but comes straight across at a constant angle to the one where the turns are made.

With a light cruiser or in gentle Thames locks it is possible to be quite laid back with your rope work. Heavy barges in fierce continental locks require much more care - you yourself say you've seen several people having to cut their lines, but rather more serious is that there are all too many accidents involving damage to the crew themselves.
DBA Forum (B) - Peter Cawson
2014-07-12 19:40:36 UTC
Permalink
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Tam Murrell
I assume you use the same system going uphill also, and she must find it difficult in a large lock behind commercials driving in head gear as Colin describes
Not sure what we’re comparing it with. If it’s a single line with its eye over the lock bollard, I’d suggest that my crew has an easier time as she has a 2:1 advantage, less the friction at the lock bollard of course. If it’s comparing with a long line that’s kept in tension by using the engine in forward (as commercials usually do), I’d agree, but that’s a practice I avoid for the reasons given.
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Tam Murrell
I don't have any photos of lines jammed on boat's bollards as it has not yet happened to us.
Perish the thought! I wouldn’t imagine it would happen to you and even if it did, I doubt you’d say “Quick, bring the camera up with the knife, I want to photograph our cock-up” No, I was imagining your photos of ropes jammed in cracks between stone blocks were someone else’s ropes – similarly any photos of ropes jammed on boat bollards or cleats!
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Tam Murrell
As your boat drops down in the lock it means the part of the line next to the attachment on the bollard now has an upward aspect and can easily foul the part of line where the crew is taking her turn.
Yes that would be a potential problem with single bollards on the boat, but not so with twin bollards with independent pins. With a loop around the lock bollard, there’s a significant amount of friction there to help reduce the friction required to handle the rope at the boat bollard, plus the 2:1 advantage of twice the length of rope passing over the latter as the boat descends.
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Tam Murrell
rather more serious is that there are all too many accidents involving damage to the crew themselves
Couldn’t agree more. Pointing out the hazards of rope handling is more important than explaining how to do the job.

Peter
DBA Forum (B) - Tam Murrell
2014-07-12 22:28:02 UTC
Permalink
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Peter Cawson
Post by DBA Forum (B) - Tam Murrell
I assume you use the same system going uphill also, and she must find it difficult in a large lock behind commercials driving in head gear as Colin describes
Not sure what we’re comparing it with. If it’s a single line with its eye over the lock bollard, I’d suggest that my crew has an easier time as she has a 2:1 advantage, less the friction at the lock bollard of course. If it’s comparing with a long line that’s kept in tension by using the engine in forward (as commercials usually do), I’d agree, but that’s a practice I avoid for the reasons given.
This seems to be going round and round. I am not disputing that you find it adequate with your relatively light vessel and amateur crew to take a bight of line around the lockside bollard and hold the boat without the need to take any turns on the ship's bollard. I am only disputing this as a general means of working continental locks. With a heavier craft and in a fierce lock your system is more likely to lead to an accident potentially involving damage to the crew. My system does involve the ability to get the eye of your line onto and off of the lockdside bollard, but this can be achieved with an extendable tool if necessary.

It is entirely up to the master and his crew what system of working they use; I am only putting forward what I see as a way of reducing the risks to a minimum. Your way may well be easier, but I'm afraid there is nothing you can say that will convince me that it is actually safer, particularly with regard to heavier vessels and fierce locks.

Tam

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